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1 chemical war gases
chemical war gases боевые отравляющие вещества -
2 chemical war gases
1) Общая лексика: боевые отравляющие вещества2) Макаров: химическое оружие -
3 chemical war gases
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4 chemical
chemical [ˊkemɪkl]1. a хими́ческий;chemical fertilizers минера́льные удобре́ния
;chemical war gases боевы́е отравля́ющие вещества́
;chemical warfare хими́ческая война́
;chemical defence противохими́ческая оборо́на
2. n pl химика́лии; хими́ческие препара́ты -
5 chemical
[ˈkemɪkəl]chemical pl химикалии; химические препараты chemical химический; chemical fertilizers минеральные удобрения chemical химический; chemical fertilizers минеральные удобрения chemical defence противохимическая оборона chemical war gases боевые отравляющие вещества; chemical warfare химическая война chemical war gases боевые отравляющие вещества; chemical warfare химическая война -
6 chemical
1. n химический реактив; химический продукт; химикат2. n химикалии; химические препараты3. a химический; относящийся к химии4. a воен. химический; относящийся к химическому оружию; отравляющийchemical war gases — химическое оружие; боевые отравляющие вещества
5. a спец. противохимическийСинонимический ряд:containing alkali (adj.) alkali; alkaline; antacid; basic; caustic; containing alkali; having a high ph; metal oxide; salty -
7 chemical
1. [ʹkemık(ə)l] n1) химический реактив; химический продукт; химикат2) pl химикалии; химические препараты2. [ʹkemık(ə)l] a1. 1) химический; относящийся к химииchemical symbol - химический знак /символ/
2) воен. химический; относящийся к химическому оружию; отравляющийchemical attack [warfare] - химическое нападение [-ая война]
chemical war gases - химическое оружие; боевые отравляющие вещества
2. спец. противохимическийchemical defence /security/ - воен. противохимическая защита
chemical aid packet - воен. индивидуальный противохимический пакет
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8 chemical
1. adjectiveхимический; chemical fertilizers минеральные удобрения; chemical war gases боевые отравляющие вещества; chemical warfare химическая война; chemical defence противохимическая оборона2. noun(pl.)химикалии; химические препараты* * *(a) химический* * *химический реактив; химический продукт; химикат* * *[chem·i·cal || 'kemɪkl] adj. химический* * *химическаяхимическийхимическое* * *1. сущ. химический реактив; химический продукт; химикат; химреагент; мн. химикалии, химические препараты 2. прил. 1) химический 2) синтетический 3) занимающийся химией; изучающий химию (о человеке) -
9 chemical
ˈkemɪkəl
1. сущ. химический реактив;
химический продукт;
химикат;
химреагент;
мн. химикалии, химические препараты
2. прил.
1) химический the chemical composition of the atmosphere ≈ химический состав атмосферы chemical warfare ≈ химическая война chemical industry ≈ химическая промышленность petroleum chemical ≈ нефтехимический chemical reaction ≈ химическая реакция
2) синтетический (полученный путем химического синтеза)
3) занимающийся химией;
изучающий химию (о человеке) the chemical engineer ≈ инженер-химик химический реактив;
химический продукт;
химикат pl химикалии;
химические препараты химический;
относящийся к химии - * affinity химическое сродство - * сonstitution число и расположение атомов в молекуле - * symbol химический знак - * decay химическое ракетное топливо( военное) химический;
относящийся к химическому оружию;
отравляющий - * agent боевое отравляющее вещество - * projectile химический снаряд - * war gases химическое оружие;
боевые отравляющие вещества - * warfare service военно-химические войска армии США( специальное) противохимическая защита - * aid packet( военное) индивидуальный противохимический пакет chemical pl химикалии;
химические препараты ~ химический;
chemical fertilizers минеральные удобрения ~ химический;
chemical fertilizers минеральные удобрения ~ defence противохимическая оборона ~ war gases боевые отравляющие вещества;
chemical warfare химическая война ~ war gases боевые отравляющие вещества;
chemical warfare химическая войнаБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > chemical
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10 химическое оружие
1) Military: chemical weapon (s), chemical weapon, gas weapon2) Law: chemical weapons3) Ecology: chemical weapon4) Chemical weapons: chemical weapon (CW, ХО), chemical weapons (CW) (XO)5) Makarov: chemical war gases6) Foreign Ministry: chemical warfare (ХО) -
11 боевые отравляющие вещества
General subject: chemical war gasesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > боевые отравляющие вещества
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12 Haber, Fritz
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland[br]German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.[br]Bibliography1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.Further ReadingJ.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).LRD -
13 Messel, Rudolf
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 14 January 1848 Darmstadt, Germanyd. 18 April 1920 London, England[br]German industrial chemist.[br]Messel served three years as an apprentice to the chemical manufacturers E.Lucius of Frankfurt before studying chemistry at Zürich, Heidelberg and Tübingen. In 1870 he travelled to England to assist the distinguished chemist Sir Henry Roscoe, but was soon recalled to Germany on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. After hostilities ceased, Messel returned to London to join the firm of manufacturers of sulphuric acid Dunn, Squire \& Company of Stratford, London. The firm amalgamated with Spencer Chapman, and after Messel became its Managing Director in 1878 it was known as Spencer, Chapman \& Messel Ltd.Messel's principal contribution to chemical technology was the invention of the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Earlier processes for making this essential product, now needed in ever-increasing quantities by the new processes for making dyestuffs, fertilizers and explosives, were based on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide by oxides of nitrogen, developed by Joshua Ward and John Roebuck. Attempts to oxidize the dioxide to the trioxide with the oxygen in the air in the presence of a suitable catalyst had so far failed because the catalyst had become "poisoned" and ineffective; Messel avoided this by using highly purified gases. The contact process produced a concentrated form of sulphuric acid called oleum. Until the outbreak of the First World War, Messel's firm was the principal manufacturer, but then the demand rose sharply, so that other firms had to engage in its manufacture. Production thereby increased from 20,000 to 450,000 tons per year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1912. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1911–12, 1914.Further Reading1931, Special jubilee issue, Journal of the Society of the Chemical Industry (July). G.T.Morgan and D.D.Pratt, 1938, The British Chemical Industry, London.LRD -
14 Y36.7
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15 Henry, Joseph
[br]b. 17 December 1797 Albany, New York, USAd. 13 May 1878 Washington, DC, USA[br]American scientist after whom the unit of inductance is named.[br]Sent to stay with relatives at the age of 6 because of the illness of his father, when the latter died in 1811 Henry was apprenticed to a silversmith and then turned to the stage. Whilst he was ill himself, a book on science fired his interest and he began studying at Albany Academy, working as a tutor to finance his studies. Initially intending to pursue medicine, he then spent some time as a surveyor before becoming Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy in 1826. There he became interested in the improvement of electromagnets and discovered that the use of an increased number of turns of wire round the core greatly increased their power; by 1831 he was able to supply to Yale a magnet capable of lifting almost a ton weight. During this time he also discovered the principles of magnetic induction and self-inductance. In the same year he made, but did not patent, a cable telegraph system capable of working over a distance of 1 mile (1.6 km). It was at this time, too, that he found that adiabatic expansion of gases led to their sudden cooling, thus paving the way for the development of refrigerators. For this he was recommended for, but never received, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. Five years later he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at New Jersey College (later Princeton University), where he deduced the laws governing the operation of transformers and observed that changes in magnetic flux induced electric currents in conductors. Later he also observed that spark discharges caused electrical effects at a distance. He therefore came close to the discovery of radio waves. In 1836 he was granted a year's leave of absence and travelled to Europe, where he was able to meet Michael Faraday. It was with his help that in 1844 Samuel Morse set up the first patented electric telegraph, but, sadly, the latter seems to have reaped all the credit and financial rewards. In 1846 he became the first secretary of the Washington Smithsonian Institute and did much to develop government support for scientific research. As a result of his efforts some 500 telegraph stations across the country were equipped with meteorological equipment to supply weather information by telegraph to a central location, a facility that eventually became the US National Weather Bureau. From 1852 he was a member of the Lighthouse Board, contributing to improvements in lighting and sound warning systems and becoming its chairman in 1871. During the Civil War he was a technical advisor to President Lincoln. He was a founder of the National Academy of Science and served as its President for eleven years.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1849. President, National Academy of Science 1893–1904. In 1893, to honour his work on induction, the International Congress of Electricians adopted the henry as the unit of inductance.Bibliography1824. "On the chemical and mechanical effects of steam". 1825. "The production of cold by the rarefaction of air".1832, "On the production of currents \& sparks of electricity \& magnetism", AmericanJournal of Science 22:403."Theory of the so-called imponderables", Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 6:84.Further ReadingSmithsonian Institution, 1886, Joseph Henry, Scientific Writings, Washington DC.KF
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